The IUD is one of the highly effective reversible methods of contraception. There are two types of products available: copper-coated IUDs or levonorgestrel-releasing IUDs. In the absence of contraindications, the IUD can be used in all women seeking a reliable reversible method of contraception with long-term contraceptive effectiveness that is less demanding in terms of compliance [2].
Patients with contraindications to estrogen or those are breastfeeding may be good candidates. The IUD is also used as morning-after contraception in women who have had unprotected sex for up to 7 days.
The intrauterine device has multiple mechanisms of action; it prevents both fertilization and implantation. The biochemical and morphological modifications produced by the IUD, and more particularly its inflammatory action on the endometrium, lead to a significant accumulation of lysosomal enzymes promoting endometrial destruction and migration [4].
Despite the wide use of IUD in recent years, there are still limitations for adolescents and nulliparous, but recent studies show that the IUD is safe for both of them to use [5].
Untrained Healthcare providers may constitute a danger for women wishing to use IUD. These women are significantly more likely to experience complications, which in turn can decrease demand for IUD services [6]. Therefore, it is imperative to stay up-to-date on guidelines for improving the quality of IUD services. Clinical follow-up is recommended after 4 to 12 weeks, if the IUD threads are not visible or in cases of atypical symptoms, an ultrasound examination should be performed. It can easily confirm whether the IUD is correctly positioned and often to highlight if there is any complications related to the IUD. Moreover, performing an ultrasound before placement to check up uterus measures and position can help for a successful placement [2]. A preinsertion informed consent is mandatory and requires that women understand benefits, technique, and possible complications.
Uterine perforation is a complication rarely observed following IUD insertion; its incidence varies from 1/350 to 1/2,500 insertions [7]. This incidence may be largely underestimated taking into account asymptomatic forms.
Uterine perforation ; partial or complete; usually occurs in the insertion moment of the IUD, Migration to the bladder and development of symptoms are long processes, its real etiology remains unknown. The risk factors for this perforation are essentially the insertion of an IUD in the postpartum or post abortum period, an inexperienced practitioner, multiparity, nulliparirty, scarred and immobile uterus and extremely anteverted or extremely retroverted uterus, the relationship between the size of the IUD and that of the uterine cavity, insertion technique, the use of force more than necessary, atrophic uterus [2, 7]. In our case, it seems that uterine perforation was probably happened at the time of forced insertion, as evidenced by the pain felt by the patient after insertion.
Therefore, it seems important after insertion of an IUD to check its correct positioning with a control ultrasound.
The transuterine migration of the IUD can take several directions to locate anywhere in the abdomen, a recent review illustrates that the bowel is the most affected organ in cases of perforated and migrated IUD (intestine 32%, colon 4%, appendix 1%, ileum 5%, rectum 12%, sigmoid 9%), the second most affected organ is the bladder (24%), often associated with lithiasis formation and urinary complaints [2].Vascular damage is exceptional; However, Ibghi described stenosis of the external iliac vein by an IUD [8].
The bladder location of an IUD is not always synonymous with trans utero-bladder migration. In some patients, a technical fault in the insertion of the IUD has been blamed, which can be accidentally placed in bladder via the transurethral route by inexperienced medical or paramedical profesionnals [9].
Uterine perforation by the IUD is often asymptomatic; most authors do not report any noisy symptoms during these perforations [3]. The disappearance of the reference threads is the first sign of migration (35%) [8], which must always be present in mind, before concluding in an unknown expulsion. It is only at the complication stage that the symptoms appear. Abdominal pain is the second revelatory signe (30%), followed by the occurrence of pregnancy (25%) and self-detection of IUD migration (11%) [10].
The bladder location of the IUD may be responsible for urinary symptoms consisting of Pollakiuria, burning micturition and dysuria, or even terminal hematuria, wrongly suggesting banal cystitis, as the case of our patient. The diagnosis is often mentioned on the plain abdominal radiography which shows the IUD with its metallic tone encompassed in an opacity of calcium tone because the stones are often radiopaque [11], but this is not constant. The diagnosis remains difficult if the IUD is not associated with bladder calculus.
Abdominal ultrasound confirms the bladder location of the IUD with or without stone formation. However, endovaginal ultrasound is more effective for studying the uterus (emptiness and/or possible partial perforation of the uterine wall by one of the arms of the IUD). This examination is more useful before insertion of the IUD because it allows the uterine anatomy to be clarified (anteverted or retroverted, dimensions, submucosal leiomyoma, congenital uterine anomalies). It must be repeated immediately afterwards and 4 to 12 weeks later to ensure the absence of uterine perforation [2].
Cystoscopy examination remains the most reliable diagnosis method, it’s the first stage of an endoscopic treatment. The use of computed tomography (CT), or even pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), is indicated in some cases, for better topographical characterization, and particularly in the case of associated pregnancy [12].
The IUD perforation of the uterine wall as well as its migration can be responsible in 0.1 to 0.9% of cases for serious complications such as pelvic abscesses, intestinal perforation and vesicoureteral fistula [7]. Furthermore, pelvic actinomycosis can develop, but the formation of bladder stones remains the most common possibility [13]. Indeed, bladder calculus in women is not common; it is 7 to 10 times less common than in men [14]. This is for anatomical and hormonal reasons. The formation of bladder calculus in women is favored by a local cause, a foreign body which may be an IUD.
The urinary infection and chronic inflammation which are almost always associated, plays a large part in calculus formation through ureolysis and the formation of struvite crystals. The migrated device act like foreign body over years and provides a bed for stone formation [11, 15].
Stone formation would be independent of the duration of presence of the IUD as a foreign body in the bladder. Vecsey reported the formation of a stone very early in 6 months after migration [16], while Kiilholma reported the non-formation of a stone on a Nova T type IUD that had migrated into the bladder for 3 years ago [17].
Extraction of the IUD can be done either endoscopically as we did in our case, or via laparotomy and bladder section. [18]. In the event of partial perforation of the bladder wall, laparoscopic extraction was described [19]. In cases of vesicouterine fistula, surgical treatment is often the rule. Conservative treatment by prolonged bladder drainage is rarely effective. In the case of associated actinomycosis, treatment is often dual, combining surgical excision and prolonged antibiotic therapy based on penicillin. The duration of treatment varies from 3 to 12 months. The outcome is often favorable without recurrence [9, 20].
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