Kolodny A, Courtwright DT, Hwang CS, Kreiner P, Eadie JL, Clark TW, Alexander GC. The prescription opioid and heroin crisis: a public health approach to an epidemic of addiction. Annu Rev Public Health. 2015;36:559–74.
Robert M, Jouanjus E, Khouri C, Fouilhé Sam-Laï N, Revol B. The opioid epidemic: a worldwide exploratory study using the WHO pharmacovigilance database. Addiction. 2023;118(4):771–5.
Ahmad FB, Cisewski JA, Rossen LM, Sutton P. Provisional drug overdose death counts. National Center for Health Statistics; 2023.
Fischer B. The continuous opioid death crisis in Canada: changing characteristics and implications for path options forward. Lancet Reg Health Americas, 2023;19.
Strang J, McCambridge J, Best D, Beswick T, Bearn J, Rees S, Gossop M. Loss of tolerance and overdose mortality after inpatient opiate detoxification: follow up study. BMJ. 2003;326(7396):959–60.
Sherman SG, Cheng Y, Kral AH. Prevalence and correlates of opiate overdose among young injection drug users in a large US city. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007;88(2–3):182–7.
Darke S. The life of the heroin user: typical beginnings, trajectories and outcomes. Cambridge University Press; 2011.
Caudarella A, Dong H, Milloy MJ, Kerr T, Wood E, Hayashi K. Non-fatal overdose as a risk factor for subsequent fatal overdose among people who inject drugs. Drug Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016;162:51–5.
Williams A, Strang J. Opioid overdose deaths: risks and clusterings in time and context. In: Strang J,McDonald R, editor. Preventing opioid overdose deaths with take-home naloxone. Luxemburg: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction; 2016. pp. 37–48.
Lyons RM, Yule AM, Schiff D, Bagley SM, Wilens TE. Risk factors for drug overdose in young people: a systematic review of the literature. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2019;29(7):487–97.
Ogeil RP, Dwyer J, Bugeja L, Heilbronn C, Lubman DI, Lloyd B. Pharmaceutical opioid overdose deaths and the presence of witnesses. Int J Drug Policy. 2018;55:8–13.
Andersson L, Håkansson A, Krantz P, Johnson B. Investigating opioid-related fatalities in southern Sweden: contact with care-providing authorities and comparison of substances. Harm Reduct J, 2020;17(5).
Jones R, Gruer L, Gilchrist G, Seymour A, Black M, Oliver J. Recent contact with health and social services by drug misusers in Glasgow who died of a fatal overdose in 1999. Addiction. 2002;97(12):1517–22.
Thanacoody RHK, Jay J, Sherval J. The association between drug related deaths and prior contact with hospital-based services. Scott Med J. 2009;54(4):7–10.
Baldacchino A, Crome IB, Zador D, McGarrol S, Taylor A, Hutchison S, et al. Recording of clinical information in a Scotland-wide drug deaths study. J Psychopharmacol. 2010;24(9):1289–98.
Gjersing L, Jonassen K, Skurtveit S, Bramness J, Clausen T. Emergency service use is common in the year before death among drug users who die from an overdose. J Subst Use. 2017;22(3):331–6.
Fuller GW, Jones M, Bradshaw CA, Jones J, John A, Snooks H, et al. The socio-demographics and health service use of opioid overdose decedents in Wales: a cross-sectional data linkage study. Eur Addict Res. 2022;28(3):226–30.
Hagenaars JA, McCutcheon AL, editors. Applied latent class analysis. Cambridge University Press; 2002.
Nylund-Gibson K, Choi AY. Ten frequently asked questions about latent class analysis. Transl Issues Psychol Sci. 2018;4(4):440–61.
Weller BE, Bowen NK, Faubert S. J. Latent class analysis: a guide to best practice. J Black Psychol. 2020;46(4):287–311.
Monga N, Rehm J, Fischer B, Brissette S, Bruneau J, El-Guebaly N, et al. Using latent class analysis (LCA) to analyze patterns of drug use in a population of illegal opioid users. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2007;88(1):1–8.
Roth AM, Armenta RA, Wagner KD, Roesch SC, Bluthenthal RN, Cuevas-Mota J, Garfein RS. Patterns of drug use, risky behavior, and health status among persons who inject drugs living in San Diego, California: a latent class analysis. Subst Use Misuse. 2015;50(2):205–14.
Tomczyk S, Isensee B, Hanewinkel R. Latent classes of polysubstance use among adolescents: a systematic review. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016;160:12–29.
Karamouzian M, Pilarinos A, Hayashi K, Buxton JA, Kerr T. Latent patterns of polysubstance use among people who use opioids: a systematic review. Int J Drug Policy, 2022;102(103584).
Boyd K. L. A latent class analysis of accidental polysubstance overdose deaths in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania (Doctoral dissertation, University of Pittsburgh); 2020.
Park JN, Schneider KE, Fowler D, Sherman SG, Mojtabai R, Nestadt PS. Polysubstance overdose deaths in the fentanyl era: a latent class analysis. J Addict Med. 2022;16(1):49–55.
Hong JH, de Dios C, Badawi JC, Tonkin SS, Schmitz JM, Walss-Bass C et al. Types of traumatic experiences in drug overdose-related deaths: an exploratory latent class analysis. medRxiv, 2023;23289256.
EMCDDA. European drug report 2022: Trends and developments. Publications Office of the European Union; 2022.
Bäckryd E, Heilig M, Hoffmann M. Opioid availability statistics from the International Narcotics Control Board do not reflect the medical use of opioids: comparison with sales data from Scandinavia. Scand J Pain. 2021;21(4):696–706.
Svensson B, Karlsson P. Missbruk Av heroin och andra opioider. [Abuse of heroin and other opioids.] Studentlitteratur; 2018.
Andersson L, Håkansson A, Berge J, Johnson B. Changes in opioid-related deaths following increased access to opioid substitution treatment. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy, 2021;16(15).
Ludvigsson JF, Otterblad-Olausson P, Pettersson BU, Ekbom A. The Swedish personal identity number: possibilities and pitfalls in healthcare and medical research. Eur J Epidemiol. 2009;24:659–67.
Gyarmathy VA, Neaigus A. Marginalized and socially integrated groups of IDUs in Hungary: potential bridges of HIV infection. J Urban Health. 2005;82:iv101–12.
Shewan D, Dalgarno P. Evidence for controlled heroin use? Low levels of negative health and social outcomes among non-treatment heroin users in Glasgow (Scotland). Br J Health Psychol. 2005;10(1):33–48.
Pavarin RM. Mortality risk among heroin abusers: clients and non-clients of public treatment centers for drug addiction. Subst Use Misuse. 2015;50(13):1690–6.
Pavarin RM. First consumers, then socially integrated: results of a study on 100 Italian drug users who had never turned to public or private addiction services. Subst Use Misuse. 2016;51(7):892–901.
Pavarin RM, Rego X, Nostrani E, De Caro E, Biolcati R, Canêdo J, et al. Differences between subjects with socially integrated drug use: a study in Italy and Portugal. J Subst Use. 2020;25(4):449–55.
Hser YI, Evans E, Grella C, Ling W, Anglin D. Long-term course of opioid addiction. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2015;23(2):76–89.
Krawczyk N, Williams AR, Saloner B, Cerdá M. Who stays in medication treatment for opioid use disorder? A national study of outpatient specialty treatment settings. J Subst Abuse Treat, 2021;126(108329).
McLaughlin MF, Li R, Carrero ND, Bain PA, Chatterjee A. Opioid use disorder treatment for people experiencing homelessness: a scoping review. Drug Alcohol Depend, 2021;224(108717).
Bretteville-Jensen AL, Sutton M. The income-generating behaviour of injecting drug‐users in Oslo. Addiction. 1996;91(1):63–79.
Boyd J, Richardson L, Anderson S, Kerr T, Small W, McNeil R. Transitions in income generation among marginalized people who use drugs: a qualitative study on recycling and vulnerability to violence. Int J Drug Policy. 2018;59:36–43.
Richert T. Taking care of business in a male-dominated drug economy: income strategies, risks, and opportunities of women who use drugs. Front Psychiatry. 2022;13:882128.
Darke S, Ross J. Polydrug dependence and psychiatric comorbidity among heroin injectors. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1997;48(2):135–41.
Rodriguez-Llera MC, Domingo-Salvany A, Brugal MT, Silva TC, Sánchez-Niubó A, Torrens M, et al. Psychiatric comorbidity in young heroin users. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2006;84(1):48–55.
Öhlin L, Hesse M, Fridell M, Tätting P. Poly-substance use and antisocial personality traits at admission predict cumulative retention in a buprenorphine programme with mandatory work and high compliance profile. BMC Psychiatry, 2011;11(81).
Darke S. Pathways to heroin dependence: time to re-appraise self-medication. Addiction. 2013;108(4):659–67.
Higgins C, Smith BH, Matthews K. Comparison of psychiatric comorbidity in treatment-seeking, opioid‐dependent patients with versus without chronic pain. Addiction. 2020;115(2):249–58.
Zhu Y, Mooney LJ, Yoo C, Evans EA, Kelleghan A, Saxon AJ et al. Psychiatric comorbidity and treatment outcomes in patients with opioid use disorder: results from a multisite trial of buprenorphine-naloxone and methadone. Drug Alcohol Depend, 2021;228(108996).
Lieb M, Wittchen HU, Palm U, Apelt SM, Siegert J, Soyka M. Psychiatric comorbidity in substitution treatment of opioid-dependent patients in primary care: prevalence and impact on clinical features. Heroin Addict Rel Cl. 2010;12(4):5–16.
Teesson M, Marel C, Darke S, Ross J, Slade T, Burns L, et al. Long-term mortality, remission, criminality and psychiatric comorbidity of heroin dependence: 11‐year findings from the Australian treatment outcome study. Addiction. 2015;110(6):986–93.
Friesen EL, Kurdyak P. The impact of psychiatric comorbidity on treatment discontinuation among individuals receiving medications for opioid use disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend, 2020;216(108244).
Fridell M, Bäckström M, Hesse M, Krantz P, Perrin S, Nyhlén A. Prediction of psychiatric comorbidity on premature death in a cohort of patients with substance use disorders: a 42-year follow-up. BMC Psychiatry, 2019;19(150).
Degenhardt L, Bucello C, Mathers B, Briegleb C, Ali H, Hickman M, et al. Mortality among regular or dependent users of heroin and other opioids: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Addiction. 2011;106(1):32–51.
Hser YI, Mooney LJ, Saxon AJ, Miotto K, Bell DS, Zhu Y, et al. High mortality among patients with opioid use disorder in a large healthcare system. J Addict Med. 2017;11(4):315–9.
Sordo L, Barrio G, Bravo MJ, Indave BI, Degenhardt L, Wiessing L, et al. Mortality risk during and after opioid substitution treatment: systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. BMJ. 2017;357:j1550.
Walde J, Andersson L, Johnson B, Håkansson A. Drug prescriptions preceding opioid-related deaths–a register study in forensic autopsy patients. PLoS ONE. 2023;18(5):e0285583.
Johnson B, Richert T. Diversion of methadone and buprenorphine by patients in opioid substitution treatment in Sweden: prevalence estimates and risk factors. Int J Drug Policy. 2015;26(2):183–90.
Johnson B, Richert T. Non-prescribed use of methadone and buprenorphine prior to opioid substitution treatment: lifetime prevalence, motives, and drug sources among people with opioid dependence in five Swedish cities. Harm Reduct J. 2019;2019(16):31.
Wikner BN, Öhman I, Seldén T, Druid H, Brandt L, Kieler H. (2014). Opioid-related mortality and filled prescriptions for buprenorphine and methadone. Drug Alcohol Review, 2014;33(5):491–498.
Ledberg A. Dödsfall relaterade till metadon, buprenorfin och andra opioider [Deaths related to methadone, buprenorphine and other opioids]. SoRAD; 2015.
Richert T, Johnson B. Long-term self-treatment with methadone or buprenorphine as a response to barriers to opioid substitution treatment: the case of Sweden. Harm Reduct J. 2015;12:12.
Allen B, Harocopos A. Non-prescribed buprenorphine in New York City: motivations for use, practices of diversion, and experiences of stigma. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2016;70:81–6.
Evans E, Li L, Min J, Huang D, Urada D, Liu L, et al. Mortality among individuals accessing pharmacological treatment for opioid dependence in California, 2006–10. Addiction. 2015;110(6):996–1005.
Santo T, Clark B, Hickman M, Grebely J, Campbell G, Sordo L, et al. Association of opioid agonist treatment with all-cause mortality and specific causes of death among people with opioid dependence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2021;78(9):979–93.
Pleace N, Knutagard M, Baptista I. Housing first in Europe: an overview of implementation, strategy and fidelity. Housing First Europe Hub; 2019.
Add Comment