Konstantinou K, Dunn KM. Sciatica: review of epidemiological studies and prevalence estimates. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008;33(22):2464–72.
Tarulli AW, Raynor EM. Lumbosacral radiculopathy. Neurol Clin. 2007;25(2):387–405.
Waldman SD. 84 – Spinal Stenosis. In: Waldman SD, editor. Atlas of Common Pain Syndromes. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier; 2019. p. 324–7.
Kobayashi S, Yoshizawa H, Yamada S. Pathology of lumbar nerve root compression Part 1: Intraradicular inflammatory changes induced by mechanical compression. J Orthop Res. 2004;22(1):170–9.
Robinson JP, Brown PB, Fisk JD. Pathophysiology Of Lumbar Radiculopathies and The Pharmacology Of Epidural Corticosteroids and Local Anesthetics. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 1995;6(4):671–90.
Stafford MA, Peng P, Hill DA. Sciatica: a review of history, epidemiology, pathogenesis, and the role of epidural steroid injection in management. Br J Anaesth. 2007;99(4):461–73.
Chiu CC, Chuang TY, Chang KH, Wu CH, Lin PW, Hsu WY. The probability of spontaneous regression of lumbar herniated disc: a systematic review. Clin Rehabil. 2015;29(2):184–95.
Kreiner DS, Hwang SW, Easa JE, Resnick DK, Baisden JL, Bess S, et al. An evidence-based clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of lumbar disc herniation with radiculopathy. Spine J. 2014;14(1):180–91.
Lorio M, Kim C, Araghi A, Inzana J, Yue JJ. International Society for the Advancement of Spine Surgery Policy 2019-Surgical Treatment of Lumbar Disc Herniation with Radiculopathy. Int J Spine Surg. 2020;14(1):1–17.
Kreiner DS, Shaffer WO, Baisden JL, Gilbert TJ, Summers JT, Toton JF, et al. An evidence-based clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis (update). Spine J. 2013;13(7):734–43.
Anderson DB, Luca K, Jensen RK, Eyles JP, Van Gelder JM, Friedly JL, et al. A critical appraisal of clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis. Spine J. 2021;21(3):455–64.
Katz JN, Zimmerman ZE, Mass H, Makhni MC. Diagnosis and Management of Lumbar Spinal Stenosis: A Review. JAMA. 2022;327(17):1688–99.
Geurts JW, Willems PC, Kallewaard JW, van Kleef M, Dirksen C. The Impact of Chronic Discogenic Low Back Pain: Costs and Patients’ Burden. Pain Res Manag. 2018;2018:4696180.
Dagenais S, Caro J, Haldeman S. A systematic review of low back pain cost of illness studies in the United States and internationally. Spine J. 2008;8(1):8–20.
Lambeek LC, van Tulder MW, Swinkels IC, Koppes LL, Anema JR, van Mechelen W. The trend in total cost of back pain in The Netherlands in the period 2002 to 2007. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2011;36(13):1050–8.
Gore M, Sadosky A, Stacey BR, Tai KS, Leslie D. The burden of chronic low back pain: clinical comorbidities, treatment patterns, and health care costs in usual care settings. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2012;37(11):E668-77.
McLain RF, Kapural L, Mekhail NA. Epidural steroid therapy for back and leg pain: mechanisms of action and efficacy. Spine J. 2005;5(2):191–201.
Collighan N, Gupta S. Epidural steroids. Continuing Education in Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain. 2009;10(1):1–5.
Johansson A, Hao J, Sjölund B. Local corticosteroid application blocks transmission in normal nociceptive C-fibres. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 1990;34(5):335–8.
Kantrowitz F, Robinson DR, McGuire MB, Levine L. Corticosteroids inhibit prostaglandin production by rheumatiod synovia. Nature. 1975;258(5537):737–9.
Manchikanti L, Buenaventura RM, Manchikanti KN, Ruan X, Gupta S, Smith HS, et al. Effectiveness of therapeutic lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injections in managing lumbar spinal pain. Pain Physician. 2012;15(3):E199-245.
Buenaventura RM, Datta S, Abdi S, Smith HS. Systematic review of therapeutic lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injections. Pain Physician. 2009;12(1):233–51.
Benny B, Azari P. The efficacy of lumbosacral transforaminal epidural steroid injections: a comprehensive literature review. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2011;24(2):67–76.
Bhatia A, Flamer D, Shah PS, Cohen SP. Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injections for Treating Lumbosacral Radicular Pain from Herniated Intervertebral Discs: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Anesth Analg. 2016;122(3):857–70.
MacVicar J, King W, Landers MH, Bogduk N. The effectiveness of lumbar transforaminal injection of steroids: a comprehensive review with systematic analysis of the published data. Pain Med. 2013;14(1):14–28.
Oliveira CB, Maher CG, Ferreira ML, Hancock MJ, Oliveira VC, McLachlan AJ, et al. Epidural Corticosteroid Injections for Sciatica: An Abridged Cochrane Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2020;45(21):E1405-e15.
Verheijen EJA, Bonke CA, Amorij EMJ, Vleggeert-Lankamp CLA. Epidural steroid compared to placebo injection in sciatica: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Spine J. 2021;30:3255–64.
Chou R, Hashimoto R, Friedly J, Fu R, Bougatsos C, Dana T, et al. Epidural Corticosteroid Injections for Radiculopathy and Spinal Stenosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2015;163(5):373–81.
Manchikanti L, Knezevic NN, Boswell MV, Kaye AD, Hirsch JA. Epidural Injections for Lumbar Radiculopathy and Spinal Stenosis: A Comparative Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pain Physician. 2016;19(3):E365-410.
Manchikanti L, Knezevic E, Latchaw RE, Knezevic NN, Abdi S, Sanapati MR, et al. Comparative Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cochrane Review of Epidural Injections for Lumbar Radiculopathy or Sciatica. Pain Physician. 2022;25(7):E889-e916.
Bang YJ, Park HJ, Sim WS, Lee DW, Lee JY. Correlation between paravertebral spread of injectate and clinical efficacy in lumbar transforaminal block. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):11508.
Chang MC, Lee DG. Outcome of Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injection According to the Severity of Lumbar Foraminal Spinal Stenosis. Pain Physician. 2018;21(1):67–72.
Cyteval C, Fescquet N, Thomas E, Decoux E, Blotman F, Taourel P. Predictive factors of efficacy of periradicular corticosteroid injections for lumbar radiculopathy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2006;27(5):978–82.
Ekedahl H, Jönsson B, Annertz M, Frobell RB. Three week results of transforaminal epidural steroid injection in patients with chronic unilateral low back related leg pain: The relation to MRI findings and clinical features. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2016;29(4):693–702.
Ekedahl H, Jönsson B, Annertz M, Frobell RB. The 1-Year Results of Lumbar Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injection in Patients with Chronic Unilateral Radicular Pain: The Relation to MRI Findings and Clinical Features. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2017;96(9):654–62.
Elsayad E, Mortada M, Elhawala TAES, Hady EAE, Hijab A. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 2017;76(Suppl 2):1000.
Guclu B, Deniz L, Yuce Y, Adilay U, Aytar H, Turkoglu M, et al. Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injection in the Treatment of Pain in Foraminal and Paramedian Lumbar Disc Herniations. Turk Neurosurg. 2020;30(3):394–9.
Kaufmann TJ, Geske JR, Murthy NS, Thielen KR, Morris JM, Wald JT, et al. Clinical effectiveness of single lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injections. Pain Med. 2013;14(8):1126–33.
Kim YH, Kim HJ, Seo J, Chai JW, Song HG, Choi YH, et al. Spinal nerve signal intensity on Dixon T2-weighted water-only sequence: an important outcome predictor after lumbar transforaminal epidural injection. Eur Radiol. 2021;31(12):9459–67.
Lee JW, Kim SH, Lee IS, Choi JA, Choi JY, Hong SH, et al. Therapeutic effect and outcome predictors of sciatica treated using transforaminal epidural steroid injection. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;187(6):1427–31.
Olguner SK, Celiktas M, Oktay K, Arslan A, Bilgin E, Gezercan Y, et al. Comparison of 1-year results of single transforaminal epidural steroid injection among patients with different spinal pathologies-related radicular pain. Niger J Clin Pract. 2020;23(6):835–41.
Ploumis A, Christodoulou P, Wood KB, Varvarousis D, Sarni JL, Beris A. Caudal vs transforaminal epidural steroid injections as short-term (6 months) pain relief in lumbar spinal stenosis patients with sciatica. Pain Med. 2014;15(3):379–85.
Sariyildiz MA, Batmaz İ, Yazmalar L, Güneş M, Turan Y. The effectiveness of transforaminal epidural steroid injections on radicular pain, functionality, psychological status and sleep quality in patients with lumbar disc herniation. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2017;30(2):265–70.
Sencan S, Azizov S, Celenlioglu AE, Bilim S, Gunduz OH. Effect of sacralization on the success of lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injection treatment: prospective clinical trial. Skeletal Radiol. 2023;52(10):1949–57.
Şencan S, Çelenlioğlu AE, Asadov R, Gündüz OH. Predictive factors for treatment success of transforaminal epidural steroid injection in lumbar disc herniation-induced sciatica. Turk J Med Sci. 2020;50(1):126–31.
Son KM, Lee SM, Lee GW, Ahn MH, Son JH. The Impact of Lumbosacral Transitional Vertebrae on Therapeutic Outcomes of Transforaminal Epidural Injection in Patients with Lumbar Disc Herniation. Pain Pract. 2016;16(6):688–95.
Tecer D, Adiguzel E, Tan AK, Taskaynatan MA. Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Ascertaining the Success of Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injection for Lumbar Radicular Pain. Pain Med. 2017;18(4):645–50.
Johansson AC, Linton SJ, Rosenblad A, Bergkvist L, Nilsson O. A prospective study of cognitive behavioural factors as predictors of pain, disability and quality of life one year after lumbar disc surgery. Disabil Rehabil. 2010;32(7):521–9.
Ionescu D, Iacob CI, Brehar FM, Avram E. The role of catastrophizing and basic psychological needs satisfaction on health-related quality of life and pain in patients with lumbar disc herniation. Front Psychol. 2023;14:1147254.
Collins GS, Reitsma JB, Altman DG, Moons KG. Transparent Reporting of a multivariable prediction model for Individual Prognosis or Diagnosis (TRIPOD): the TRIPOD statement. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162(1):55–63.
Hingorani AD, Windt DA, Riley RD, Abrams K, Moons KG, Steyerberg EW, et al. Prognosis research strategy (PROGRESS) 4: stratified medicine research. BMJ. 2013;346: e5793.
el Barzouhi A, Vleggeert-Lankamp CL, Lycklama à Nijeholt GJ, Van der Kallen BF, van den Hout WB, Jacobs WC, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging in follow-up assessment of sciatica. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(11):999–1007.
Janardhana AP, Rajagopal, Rao S, Kamath A. Correlation between clinical features and magnetic resonance imaging findings in lumbar disc prolapse. Indian J Orthop. 2010;44(3):263–9.
van Rijn JC, Klemetso N, Reitsma JB, Majoie CB, Hulsmans FJ, Peul WC, et al. Symptomatic and asymptomatic abnormalities in patients with lumbosacral radicular syndrome: Clinical examination compared with MRI. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2006;108(6):553–7.
Mandell JC, Czuczman GJ, Gaviola GC, Ghazikhanian V, Cho CH. The Lumbar Neural Foramen and Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injections: An Anatomic Review With Key Safety Considerations in Planning the Percutaneous Approach. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2017;209(1):W26-w35.
Dietrich TJ, Sutter R, Froehlich JM, Pfirrmann CW. Particulate versus non-particulate steroids for lumbar transforaminal or interlaminar epidural steroid injections: an update. Skeletal Radiol. 2015;44(2):149–55.
Bolton JE, Humphreys BK, van Hedel HJ. Validity of weekly recall ratings of average pain intensity in neck pain patients. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2010;33(8):612–7.
Jamison RN, Raymond SA, Slawsby EA, McHugo GJ, Baird JC. Pain assessment in patients with low back pain: comparison of weekly recall and momentary electronic data. J Pain. 2006;7(3):192–9.
Pfirrmann CW, Metzdorf A, Zanetti M, Hodler J, Boos N. Magnetic resonance classification of lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2001;26(17):1873–8.
Miskin N, Isaac Z, Lu Y, Makhni MC, Sarno DL, Smith TR, et al. Simplified Universal Grading of Lumbar Spine MRI Degenerative Findings: Inter-Reader Agreement of Non-Radiologist Spine Experts. Pain Med. 2021;22(7):1485–95.
Modic MT, Steinberg PM, Ross JS, Masaryk TJ, Carter JR. Degenerative disk disease: assessment of changes in vertebral body marrow with MR imaging. Radiology. 1988;166(1 Pt 1):193–9.
Weishaupt D, Zanetti M, Boos N, Hodler J. MR imaging and CT in osteoarthritis of the lumbar facet joints. Skeletal Radiol. 1999;28(4):215–9.
Borré DG, Borré GE, Aude F, Palmieri GN. Lumbosacral epidural lipomatosis: MRI grading. Eur Radiol. 2003;13(7):1709–21.
Pfirrmann CW, Dora C, Schmid MR, Zanetti M, Hodler J, Boos N. MR image-based grading of lumbar nerve root compromise due to disk herniation: reliability study with surgical correlation. Radiology. 2004;230(2):583–8.
R Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing; 2021. https://www.R-project.org/.
Ensor JR. Pmsampsize: Sample Size for Development of a Prediction Model. R package version 1.1.0. 2020. https://cran.r-project.org/package=pmsampsize.
Riley RD, Snell KIE, Ensor J, Burke DL, Harrell FE Jr, Moons KGM, et al. Minimum sample size for developing a multivariable prediction model: Part I – Continuous outcomes. Stat Med. 2019;38(7):1262–75.
Ostelo RW, Deyo RA, Stratford P, Waddell G, Croft P, Von Korff M, et al. Interpreting change scores for pain and functional status in low back pain: towards international consensus regarding minimal important change. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008;33(1):90–4.
Kanters TA, Bouwmans CAM, van der Linden N, Tan SS, Hakkaart-van RL. Update of the Dutch manual for costing studies in health care. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(11):e0187477.
Versteegh MM, Vermeulen KM, Evers SMAA, de Wit GA, Prenger R, Stolk EA. Dutch Tariff for the Five-Level Version of EQ-5D. Value Health. 2016;19(4):343–52.
van Buuren S, Groothuis-Oudshoorn K. mice: Multivariate Imputation by Chained Equations in R. J Stat Softw. 2011;45(3):1–67.
von Elm E, Altman DG, Egger M, Pocock SJ, Gøtzsche PC, Vandenbroucke JP. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies. J Clin Epidemiol. 2008;61(4):344–9.
Bahar-Ozdemir Y, Sencan S, Ercalik T, Kokar S, Gunduz OH. The Effect of Pre-Treatment Depression, Anxiety and Somatization Levels on Transforaminal Epidural Steroid Injection: A Prospective Observational Study. Pain Physician. 2020;23(3):E273–80.
McGreevy K, Bottros MM, Raja SN. Preventing Chronic Pain following Acute Pain: Risk Factors, Preventive Strategies, and their Efficacy. Eur J Pain Suppl. 2011;5(2):365–72.
Leeuw M, Goossens ME, Linton SJ, Crombez G, Boersma K, Vlaeyen JW. The fear-avoidance model of musculoskeletal pain: current state of scientific evidence. J Behav Med. 2007;30(1):77–94.
Linton SJ. Early identification and intervention in the prevention of musculoskeletal pain. Am J Ind Med. 2002;41(5):433–42.
den Boer JJ, Oostendorp RA, Beems T, Munneke M, Evers AW. Continued disability and pain after lumbar disc surgery: the role of cognitive-behavioral factors. Pain. 2006;123(1–2):45–52.
Dudli S, Fields AJ, Samartzis D, Karppinen J, Lotz JC. Pathobiology of Modic changes. Eur Spine J. 2016;25(11):3723–34.
Crockett MT, Kelly BS, van Baarsel S, Kavanagh EC. Modic Type 1 Vertebral Endplate Changes: Injury, Inflammation, or Infection? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2017;209(1):167–70.
Peterson CK, Pfirrmann CW, Hodler J. Are Modic changes related to outcomes in lumbar disc herniation patients treated with imaging-guided lumbar nerve root blocks? Eur J Radiol. 2014;83(10):1786–92.
Add Comment