Chen C, Wei J, AlBadri A, Zarrini P, Bairey Merz CN. Coronary microvascular dysfunction – epidemiology, Pathogenesis, prognosis, diagnosis, risk factors and therapy. Circ J. 2017;81:3–11.
Bradley C, Berry C. Definition and epidemiology of coronary microvascular disease. J Nucl Cardiol. 2022;29:1763–75.
Ong P, Camici PG, Beltrame JF, Crea F, Shimokawa H, Sechtem U, et al. International standardization of diagnostic criteria for microvascular angina. Int J Cardiol Janv. 2018;250:16–20.
Kunadian V, Chieffo A, Camici PG, Berry C, Escaned J, Maas AHEM, et al. An EAPCI Expert Consensus Document on Ischaemia with non-obstructive coronary arteries in collaboration with European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Coronary Pathophysiology & Microcirculation endorsed by Coronary Vasomotor Disorders International Study Group. Eur Heart J. 2020;41:3504–20.
Shah SJ, Lam CSP, Svedlund S, Saraste A, Hage C, Tan RS, et al. Prevalence and correlates of coronary microvascular dysfunction in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: PROMIS-HFpEF. Eur Heart J. 2018;39:3439–50.
Dryer K, Gajjar M, Narang N, Lee M, Paul J, Shah AP, et al. Coronary microvascular dysfunction in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Am J Physiol-Heart Circ Physiol. 2018;314:H1033–42.
Taqueti VR, Di Carli MF. Coronary microvascular disease pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic options. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72:2625–41.
Venkateshvaran A, Tureli HO, Faxén UL, Lund LH, Tossavainen E, Lindqvist P. Left atrial reservoir strain improves diagnostic accuracy of the 2016 ASE/EACVI diastolic algorithm in patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction: insights from the KARUM haemodynamic database. Eur Heart J – Cardiovasc Imaging. 2022;23:1157–68.
Singh A, Addetia K, Maffessanti F, Mor-Avi V, Lang RM. LA Strain for categorization of LV Diastolic Dysfunction. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;10:735–43.
Thomas L, Marwick TH, Popescu BA, Donal E, Badano LP. Left atrial structure and function, and left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73:1961–77.
Sun BJ, Park JH. Echocardiographic Measurement of Left Atrial Strain ― A key requirement in clinical practice. Circ J. 2021;24:86:6–13.
Moreno-Ruiz LA, Madrid-Miller A, Martínez-Flores JE, González-Hermosillo JA, Arenas-Fonseca J, Zamorano-Velázquez N, et al. Left atrial longitudinal strain by speckle tracking as independent predictor of recurrence after electrical cardioversion in persistent and long standing persistent non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019;35:1587–96.
Nagueh SF, Smiseth OA, Appleton CP, Byrd BF, Dokainish H, Edvardsen T, et al. Recommendations for the evaluation of left ventricular diastolic function by Echocardiography: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2016;29:277–314.
Tan TS, Akbulut IM, Demirtola AI, Serifler NT, Ozyuncu N, Esenboga K, et al. LA reservoir strain: a sensitive parameter for estimating LV filling pressure in patients with preserved EF. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2021;37:2707–16.
Yuda S. Current clinical applications of speckle tracking echocardiography for assessment of left atrial function. J Echocardiogr. 2021;19:129–40.
Kuppahally SS, Akoum N, Badger TJ, Burgon NS, Haslam T, Kholmovski E, et al. Echocardiographic left atrial reverse remodeling after catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation is predicted by preablation delayed enhancement of left atrium by magnetic resonance imaging. Am Heart J. 2010;160:877–84.
Demir OM, Boerhout CKM, de Waard GA, et al. Comparison of Doppler Flow Velocity and Thermodilution Derived indexes of coronary physiology. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2022;15:1060–70.
Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V, Afilalo J, Armstrong A, Ernande L, et al. Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;16:233–70.
Badano LP, Kolias TJ, Muraru D, et al. Standardization of left atrial, right ventricular, and right atrial deformation imaging using twodimensional speckle tracking echocardiography: a consensus document of the EACVI/ASE/Industry Task Force to standardize deformation imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2018;19:591–600.
Barbato E. Validation of coronary flow reserve measurements by thermodilution in clinical practice. Eur Heart J. 2004;25:219–23.
Ford TJ, Ong P, Sechtem U, Beltrame J, Camici PG, Crea F, et al. Assessment of Vascular Dysfunction in patients without obstructive coronary artery disease. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2020;13:1847–64.
Reddy YNV, Obokata M, Egbe A, Yang JH, Pislaru S, Lin G, et al. Left atrial strain and compliance in the diagnostic evaluation of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail. 2019;21:891–900.
Camici PG, d’Amati G, Rimoldi O. Coronary microvascular dysfunction: mechanisms and functional assessment. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2015;12:48–62.
Rahman H, Demir OM, Khan F, Ryan M, Ellis H, Mills MT, et al. Physiological stratification of patients with Angina due to coronary microvascular dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75:2538–49.
Paulus WJ, Tschöpe C. A Novel paradigm for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62:263–71.
Giamouzis G, Schelbert EB, Butler J. Growing evidence linking Microvascular Dysfunction with Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016;5:e003259.
Mohammed SF, Hussain S, Mirzoyev SA, Edwards WD, Maleszewski JJ, Redfield MM. Coronary microvascular rarefaction and myocardial fibrosis in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Circulation. 2015;131:550–9.
Khan MS, Memon MM, Murad MH, Vaduganathan M, Greene SJ, Hall M, et al. Left atrial function in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Heart Fail. 2020;22:472–85.
Smiseth OA, Morris DA, Cardim N, Cikes M, Delgado V, Donal E, et al. Multimodality imaging in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction: an expert consensus document of the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J – Cardiovasc Imaging. 2022;23:e34–61.
Keulards DCJ, Bouwmeester S, de Vos AMJ, Dekker LRC, Pijls NHJ, Houthuizen P. High microvascular resistance and reduced left atrial strain in patients with coronary microvascular dysfunction: the micro-strain study. Int J Cardiol. 2021;333:21–8.
Konerman MC, Greenberg JC, Kolias TJ, Corbett JR, Shah RV, Murthy VL, et al. Reduced myocardial Flow Reserve is Associated with Diastolic Dysfunction and decreased left atrial strain in patients with normal ejection Fraction and Epicardial Perfusion. J Card Fail. 2018;24:90–100.
Add Comment