World Gastroentorology Organisation. WGO Practice Guideline NAFLD & NASH. Available online: https://www.worldgastroenterology.org/guidelines/nafld-nash. Accessed 29 Dec 2023.
David K, Kowdley KV, Unalp A, Kanwal F, Brunt EM, Schwimmer JB. Quality of life in adults with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: baseline data from the nonalcoholic steatohepatitis clinical research network. Hepatology. 2009;49:1904–12.
Younossi ZM, Golabi P, Paik JM, Henry A, Van Dongen C, Henry L. The global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): a systematic review. Hepatology. 2023;77:1335–47.
Lazarus JV, Mark HE, Villota-Rivas M, Palayew A, Carrieri P, Colombo M, Ekstedt M, Esmat G, George J, Marchesini G, et al. The global NAFLD policy review and preparedness index: Are countries ready to address this silent public health challenge? J Hepatol. 2022;76:771–80.
Younossi ZM, Corey KE, Lim JK. AGA Clinical Practice Update on Lifestyle Modification Using Diet and Exercise to Achieve Weight Loss in the Management of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Expert Review. Gastroenterology. 2021;160:912–8.
Pugliese N, Plaz Torres MC, Petta S, Valenti L, Giannini EG, Aghemo A. Is there an “ideal” diet for patients with NAFLD? Eur J Clin Invest. 2022;52:e13659.
Bechthold A, Wendt I, Laubach B, Mayerböck C, Oberritter H, Nöthlings U. Consumers’ awareness of food-based dietary guidelines in Germany. Ernährungs Umschau. 2017;64:112–9.
Muriel P, López-Sánchez P, Ramos-Tovar E. Fructose and the liver. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:6969.
Montemayor S, García S, Monserrat-Mesquida M, Tur JA, Bouzas C. Dietary patterns, foods, and nutrients to ameliorate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a scoping review. Nutrients. 2023;15:3987.
Bedogni G, Bellentani S, Miglioli L, Masutti F, Passalacqua M, Castiglione A, et al. The Fatty Liver Index: a simple and accurate predictor of hepatic steatosis in the general population. BMC Gastroenterol. 2006;6:33.
Hillesheim E, Brennan L. Metabotyping and its role in nutrition research. Nutr Res Rev. 2020;33:33–42.
Gutiérrez-Cuevas J, Santos A, Armendariz-Borunda J. Pathophysiological molecular mechanisms of obesity: a link between MAFLD and NASH with cardiovascular diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22:11629.
Holle R, Happich M, Löwel H, Wichmann HE. KORA–a research platform for population based health research. Gesundheitswesen. 2005;67(Suppl 1):S19-25.
The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre Cooperative Health Research in the Augsburg Region. https://www.maelstrom-research.org/study/kora. Accessed 01 Sep 2023.
Meisinger C, Thorand B, Schneider A, Stieber J, Döring A, Löwel H. Sex differences in risk factors for incident type 2 diabetes mellitus: the MONICA Augsburg cohort study. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:82–9.
Zahn K, Linseisen J, Heier M, Peters A, Thorand B, Nairz F, Meisinger C. Body fat distribution and risk of incident ischemic stroke in men and women aged 50 to 74 years from the general population. The KORA Augsburg cohort study. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0191630.
Peters A, Döring A, Ladwig KH, Meisinger C, Linkohr B, Autenrieth C, Baumeister SE, Behr J, Bergner A, Bickel H, et al. Multimorbidity and successful aging: the population-based KORA-Age study. Z Gerontol Geriatr. 2011;44(Suppl 2):41–54.
Freese J, Feller S, Harttig U, Kleiser C, Linseisen J, Fischer B, Leitzmann MF, Six-Merker J, Michels KB, Nimptsch K, et al. Development and evaluation of a short 24-h food list as part of a blended dietary assessment strategy in large-scale cohort studies. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2014;68:324–9.
Illner AK, Harttig U, Tognon G, Palli D, Salvini S, Bower E, Amiano P, Kassik T, Metspalu A, Engeset D, et al. Feasibility of innovative dietary assessment in epidemiological studies using the approach of combining different assessment instruments. Public Health Nutr. 2011;14:1055–63.
Mitry P, Wawro N, Six-Merker J, Zoller D, Jourdan C, Meisinger C, et al. Usual dietary intake estimation based on a combination of repeated 24-H food lists and a food frequency questionnaire in the KORA FF4 cross-sectional study. Front Nutr. 2019;6:145.
Slimani N, Deharveng G, Charrondière RU, van Kappel AL, Ocké MC, Welch A, Lagiou A, van Liere M, Agudo A, Pala V, et al. Structure of the standardized computerized 24-h diet recall interview used as reference method in the 22 centers participating in the EPIC project. European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Comput Methods Programs Biomed. 1999;58:251–66.
Wawro N, Pestoni G, Riedl A, Breuninger TA, Peters A, Rathmann W, et al. Association of dietary patterns and Type-2 diabetes mellitus in metabolically homogeneous subgroups in the KORA FF4 study. Nutrients. 2020;12:1684.
Tsivgoulis G, Judd S, Letter AJ, Alexandrov AV, Howard G, Nahab F, Unverzagt FW, Moy C, Howard VJ, Kissela B, Wadley VG. Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and risk of incident cognitive impairment. Neurology. 2013;80:1684–92.
Younossi ZM, Loomba R, Rinella ME, Bugianesi E, Marchesini G, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Serfaty L, Negro F, Caldwell SH, Ratziu V, et al. Current and future therapeutic regimens for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology. 2018;68:361–71.
Leone A, Battezzati A, Bedogni G, Vignati L, Vanzulli A, De Amicis R, et al. Sex- and age-related differences in the contribution of ultrasound-measured visceral and subcutaneous abdominal fat to fatty liver index in overweight and obese caucasian adults. Nutrients. 2019;11:3008.
Riedl A, Wawro N, Gieger C, Meisinger C, Peters A, Roden M, Kronenberg F, Herder C, Rathmann W, Völzke H, et al. Identification of Comprehensive Metabotypes Associated with Cardiometabolic Diseases in the Population-Based KORA Study. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2018;62:e1800117.
Riedl A, Wawro N, Gieger C, Meisinger C, Peters A, Rathmann W, Koenig W, Strauch K, Quante AS, Thorand B, et al. Modifying effect of metabotype on diet-diabetes associations. Eur J Nutr. 2020;59:1357–69.
Dahal C, Wawro N, Meisinger C, Breuninger TA, Thorand B, Rathmann W, et al. Optimized metabotype definition based on a limited number of standard clinical parameters in the population-based KORA study. Life (Basel). 2022;12:1460.
Zhang S, Yan Y, Meng G, Zhang Q, Liu L, Wu H, Gu Y, Wang X, Zhang J, Sun S, et al. Protein foods from animal sources and risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in representative cohorts from North and South China. J Intern Med. 2023;293:340–53.
Cardoso BR, Tan SY, Daly RM, Via JD, Georgousopoulou EN, George ES. Intake of Nuts and Seeds Is Associated with a Lower Prevalence of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in US Adults: Findings from 2005–2018 NHANES. J Nutr. 2021;151:3507–15.
Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2019;393:1958–72.
Wang T, Masedunskas A, Willett WC, Fontana L. Vegetarian and vegan diets: benefits and drawbacks. Eur Heart J. 2023;44:3423–39.
Zhu Y, Yang H, Zhang Y, Rao S, Mo Y, Zhang H, Liang S, Zhang Z, Yang W. Dietary fiber intake and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: The mediating role of obesity. Front Public Health. 2022;10:1038435.
Haigh L, Kirk C, El Gendy K, Gallacher J, Errington L, Mathers JC, Anstee QM. The effectiveness and acceptability of Mediterranean diet and calorie restriction in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Nutr. 2022;41:1913–31.
Bischoff SC, Bernal W, Dasarathy S, Merli M, Plank LD, Schütz T, Plauth M. ESPEN practical guideline: Clinical nutrition in liver disease. Clin Nutr. 2020;39:3533–62.
Ivancovsky-Wajcman D, Fliss-Isakov N, Grinshpan LS, Salomone F, Lazarus JV, Webb M, et al. High meat consumption is prospectively associated with the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and presumed significant fibrosis. Nutrients. 2022;14:3533.
He K, Li Y, Guo X, Zhong L, Tang S. Food groups and the likelihood of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Nutr. 2020;124:1–13.
Zheng Q, Wu Y, Ye Q, Li J, Zhao Y. Relation between dietary iron intake and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2015;44:527–31.
Yin M, Chen S, Sun Y, Feng B, Lan Y, Wu S, Wang L. Egg consumption and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a prospective cohort study. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 2023;52:362–8.
Mazidi M, Mikhailidis DP, Banach M. Adverse impact of egg consumption on fatty liver is partially explained by cardiometabolic risk factors: A population-based study. Clin Nutr. 2020;39:3730–5.
Tan LJ, Shin S. Effects of oily fish and its fatty acid intake on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease development among South Korean adults. Front Nutr. 2022;9:876909.
Dai W, Liu H, Zhang T, Chang Q, Zhao Y, Guo C, Xia Y. Dairy product consumption was associated with a lower likelihood of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Nutr. 2023;10:1119118.
Europäische Markbeobachtungsstelle für Fischerei- und Aquakulturerzeugnisse: Der EU-Fischmarkt. 2023.
Chung S, Hwang JT, Joung H, Shin S. Associations of Meat and Fish/Seafood Intake with All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality from Three Prospective Cohort Studies in Korea. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2023;67:e2200900.
Nseir W, Nassar F, Assy N. Soft drinks consumption and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16:2579–88.
Lundsgaard AM, Bojsen-Møller KN, Kiens B. Dietary Regulation of Hepatic Triacylglycerol Content-the Role of Eucaloric Carbohydrate Restriction with Fat or Protein Replacement. Adv Nutr. 2023;14:1359–73.
Bjermo H, Iggman D, Kullberg J, Dahlman I, Johansson L, Persson L, Berglund J, Pulkki K, Basu S, Uusitupa M, et al. Effects of n-6 PUFAs compared with SFAs on liver fat, lipoproteins, and inflammation in abdominal obesity: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;95:1003–12.
Rosqvist F, Iggman D, Kullberg J, Cedernaes J, Johansson HE, Larsson A, Johansson L, Ahlström H, Arner P, Dahlman I, Risérus U. Overfeeding polyunsaturated and saturated fat causes distinct effects on liver and visceral fat accumulation in humans. Diabetes. 2014;63:2356–68.
Errazuriz I, Dube S, Slama M, Visentin R, Nayar S, O’Connor H, Cobelli C, Das SK, Basu A, Kremers WK, et al. Randomized Controlled Trial of a MUFA or Fiber-Rich Diet on Hepatic Fat in Prediabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102:1765–74.
Bortolotti M, Maiolo E, Corazza M, Van Dijke E, Schneiter P, Boss A, Carrel G, Giusti V, Lê KA, Quo Chong DG, et al. Effects of a whey protein supplementation on intrahepatocellular lipids in obese female patients. Clin Nutr. 2011;30:494–8.
Markova M, Pivovarova O, Hornemann S, Sucher S, Frahnow T, Wegner K, Machann J, Petzke KJ, Hierholzer J, Lichtinghagen R, et al. Isocaloric Diets High in Animal or Plant Protein Reduce Liver Fat and Inflammation in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes. Gastroenterology. 2017;152:571-585.e578.
Tian A, Sun Z, Zhang M, Li J, Pan X, Chen P. Associations between dietary fatty acid patterns and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in typical dietary population: A UK biobank study. Front Nutr. 2023;10:1117626.
Lang S, Martin A, Farowski F, Wisplinghoff H, Vehreschild M, Liu J, Krawczyk M, Nowag A, Kretzschmar A, Herweg J, et al. High Protein Intake Is Associated With Histological Disease Activity in Patients With NAFLD. Hepatol Commun. 2020;4:681–95.
Max-Rubner-Institute: Ergebnisbericht, Teil 2, Nationale Verzehrsstudie II. 2008.
Linseisen J, Welch AA, Ocké M, Amiano P, Agnoli C, Ferrari P, Sonestedt E, Chajès V, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Kaaks R, et al. Dietary fat intake in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition: results from the 24-h dietary recalls. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2009;63(Suppl 4):S61-80.
Little TJ, Horowitz M, Feinle-Bisset C. Modulation by high-fat diets of gastrointestinal function and hormones associated with the regulation of energy intake: implications for the pathophysiology of obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;86:531–41.
Finelli C, Padula MC, Martelli G, Tarantino G. Could the improvement of obesity-related co-morbidities depend on modified gut hormones secretion? World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20:16649–64.
Young S, Tariq R, Provenza J, Satapathy SK, Faisal K, Choudhry A, Friedman SL, Singal AK. Prevalence and Profile of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Lean Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Hepatol Commun. 2020;4:953–72.
Moazzami AA, Shrestha A, Morrison DA, Poutanen K, Mykkänen H. Metabolomics reveals differences in postprandial responses to breads and fasting metabolic characteristics associated with postprandial insulin demand in postmenopausal women. J Nutr. 2014;144:807–14.
O’Sullivan A, Gibney MJ, Connor AO, Mion B, Kaluskar S, Cashman KD, Flynn A, Shanahan F, Brennan L. Biochemical and metabolomic phenotyping in the identification of a vitamin D responsive metabotype for markers of the metabolic syndrome. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2011;55:679–90.
O’Donovan CB, Walsh MC, Nugent AP, McNulty B, Walton J, Flynn A, Gibney MJ, Gibney ER, Brennan L. Use of metabotyping for the delivery of personalised nutrition. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2015;59:377–85.
Hillesheim E, Brennan L. Distinct patterns of personalised dietary advice delivered by a metabotype framework similarly improve dietary quality and metabolic health parameters: secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Front Nutr. 2023;10:1282741.
Add Comment